Pap Test (Pap Smear)
Overview
The simple, in-office screening procedure is used to identify the presence of abnormal cells on the cervix (the opening of the uterus). The Pap test can be used to detect precancerous cells and cervical cancer. It takes only a few minutes to perform.
The Procedure
In preparation for the procedure, the patient is positioned and a speculum is inserted into the vagina to expose the cervix. The physician carefully inserts a specialized collection device into the vagina. Many types of collection devices are available, including swabs, brushes, and spatulas. The physician collects a cell sample from the exterior of the cervix and from the entrance of the cervical endometrial canal. This is usually painless for most women, but in some cases it can be uncomfortable.
End of Procedure
When the procedure is complete, the speculum is removed and the patient is allowed to go home. The cell samples are sent to a lab for microscopic analysis. The physician will follow up with lab results.
Lab Results
The Pap smear will return with either a negative or a positive result. A negative result (also called a normal Pap) means that cells were successfully gathered but no abnormal cells were seen. A positive result (also called an abnormal Pap) means that abnormal cells were found. A positive result does not necessarily mean that the patient has cancer - the test may have detected atypical or suspicious cells that are not cancerous, but in some cases these cells may become cancerous if not treated. Sometimes, the Pap may also show evidence of an infection such as yeast, bacterial vaginosis, or human papilloma virus (HPV).
After a Positive Result
If a patient receives a positive result, the physician may repeat the test to rule out a false positive. If the second test confirms the positive result, the physician will recommend further testing and possibly treatment based on a combination of the patient's history and test results. The recommendations may include more frequent Pap tests or a colposcopy (a visual examination of the cervix performed with a lighted, magnifying viewing instrument called a colposcope). The physician may also take a tissue biopsy from the cervix or the endocervical canal and send these samples to the lab for further study.
Please be aware that this information is provided to supplement the care provided by your physician. It is neither intended nor implied to be a substitute for professional medical advice. CALL YOUR HEALTHCARE PROVIDER IMMEDIATELY IF YOU THINK YOU MAY HAVE A MEDICAL EMERGENCY. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider prior to starting any new treatment or with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition.